Backgrounder: PLA-related military exercises since 2002

The Chinese military launched a practice with live ammunition code-named "Iron Fist-2004," in the Queshan Training Base of central Henan Province, Saturday .

About 60 foreign military officers from 16 countries observed the exercise at the training base affiliated to the Jinan Military Area Command of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA). This was the largest scale military exercise open to foreign observers.

In 2002, China began gradual participation in multilateral military exercises to broaden security cooperation with other countries.

The following are military exercises that Chinese armed forces held with foreign armed forces or those that invited foreign military personnel to observe in recent years.

--- Oct. 10 to 11, 2002, China-Kyrgyzstan

The PLA and the armed forces of Kyrgyzstan held a joint anti-terror military exercise on the border of the two countries. It was the first time for China to hold a cross-border military maneuver with its neighbor and also the first bilateral anti-terror exercise conducted by members of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO).

--- Aug. 6 to 12, 2003, SCO member nations

Armed forces from five SCO member countries including China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan took part in a jointanti-terror exercise named "Coalition 2003". It was the first exercise of its kind within the framework of the SCO and also the first time China participated in multilateral joint military maneuvers.

--- Aug. 25, 2003, China

China, for the first time, invited 27 foreign military observers from 15 countries to watch military maneuvers at its largest tactical drill base in Inner Mongolia, aiming to introduceChinese armed forces to the world and strengthen cooperation with foreign armed forces.

--- Oct. 22, 2003, China-Pakistan

On Oct. 22,2003, Chinese and Pakistani naval forces conducted ajoint search and rescue exercise off the coast of Shanghai in the East China Sea. It was the first time Chinese naval forces held a joint exercise with a foreign counterpart since the founding of the People's Republic of China.

--- Nov. 14, 2003, China-India

Chinese and Indian naval forces conducted a joint search and rescue exercise off the coast of Shanghai in the East China Sea, the first between the two armed forces.

--- March 16, 2004, China-France 

Chinese navy held its first-ever maritime drills with its French counterpart, off the coast of East China's Qingdao city.

--- June 20, 2004, China-Britain

Chinese and British navies held joint maritime exercise for thefirst time, off the coast of East China's Qingdao city.

--- Aug. 6, 2004, China-Pakistan

The PLA and the Armed Forces of Pakistan held an anti-terrorismexercise at Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County, northwest China's Uygur Autonomous Region, bordering Pakistan.

--- Aug. 28, 2004, China-India

Chinese and Indian frontier troops held a joint mountaineering training, the first of its kind between the two armed forces, in southwest China's Tibet Autonomous Region.

--- Sept. 2, 2004, China

Some 50 servicemen from China and abroad observed an amphibian landing exercise in Shanwei of south China's Guangdong Province. The group consisted of military observers from France, Germany, Britain and Mexico.